The video game retailer\u2019s stock price has seen a nearly 2,000% increase since the start of January. A year ago, it was trading under $4. On Thursday, it reached a high of $470 \u2015 which is weird, because the increase has not been driven by astonishingly good performance on the company\u2019s part. Rather,\u00a0a bunch of Reddit users worked together to catapult the price, at the extraordinary expense of hedge fund managers.<\/span><\/p>\n Even before the pandemic, GameStop was <\/span>struggling to compete<\/span> with a digital video game economy that\u2019s made it easier than ever to download or stream a game without needing to buy a physical copy.\u00a0<\/span>As the pandemic arrived, the company\u2019s fate appeared to take a turn for the worse. GameStop is largely a brick-and-mortar enterprise, and the coronavirus was putting people off in-store shopping for good reason.<\/span><\/p>\n In March, we wrote about how GameStop retail locations were <\/span>attempting to bill themselves<\/span> as \u201cessential\u201d businesses \u2015 alongside grocery stores and pharmacies \u2015 in order to stay open amid strict lockdown measures. (Employees, understandably, weren\u2019t very happy about having to come to work during a pandemic.)<\/span><\/p>\n N.B.:\u00a0<\/strong>If you, like this reporter, started reading about GameStop and suddenly felt ready to burst with existential questions about the stock market at large \u2015 how it started, what good is it, why does it not reflect the real state of the economy \u2015 take a look at\u00a0<\/span>journalist Luke O\u2019Neil\u2019s newsletter<\/span>. He called up Doug Henwood, who writes and talks about economics professionally, for help with the big questions.<\/span><\/p>\n Using online message boards for trading stock tips has been going on for decades now. The 1990s made it possible for regular people to trade stocks through sites like E*Trade and Scottrade, which charged a fee but liberated people from having to call a professional to make trades for them by phone.<\/p>\n So it\u2019s unsurprising that there is currently a popular community on Reddit dedicated to the stock market, called WallStreetBets.<\/span><\/p>\n Its tagline is \u201clike 4chan found a Bloomberg Terminal illness,\u201d which is apt. <\/span>Entrenched in meme culture, WallStreetBets has developed <\/span>its own vocabulary<\/span>. People say \u201ctendies\u201d when they mean \u201cprofits,\u201d for example \u2015 with \u201ctendies\u201d being short for chicken tenders, which, of course, everyone wants and loves.<\/span><\/p>\n People on WallStreetBets are engaged in what\u2019s called \u201cday trading\u201d or \u201cretail trading,\u201d which is generally considered very risky by people whose job it is to give serious financial advice. Much less risky is putting money in your 401(k) and trusting the professionals who manage it to do their jobs well.<\/span><\/p>\n But retail trading is particularly alluring now, as the rich reach fabulous new heights of wealth while regular people wait hours in food bank lines and die of a contagious virus at a horrifying pace. It seems like an opportune moment for beating the monied establishment at its own game.<\/span><\/p>\n At WallStreetBets, some users came to believe that GameStop stock was genuinely undervalued. In late summer, a Reddit user with the handle DeepFuckingValue began recommending GameStop stock\u00a0<\/span>via his YouTube channel<\/span>, where he goes by RoaringKitty. (In real life, he is a financial adviser from Massachusetts <\/span>named Keith Patrick Gill<\/span>, according to CNBC.) The company, he argued, had already boosted digital sales. It was acting economically by closing some of its stores, and it would soon benefit from the release of new gaming consoles.<\/span><\/p>\n Enter Ryan Cohen, co-founder of the successful pet food startup Chewy. The WallStreetBets crew was encouraged when Cohen invested millions of dollars in GameStop late last year, and rejoiced in mid-January when Cohen <\/span>joined the GameStop board of directors<\/span>. Positive media coverage also helped give GameStop\u2019s stock price a little momentum.<\/span><\/p>\n Wall Street, meanwhile, was not nearly as optimistic about GameStop\u2019s future in the coronavirus era, given its past performance. Some hedge funds, including Citron Research and Melvin Capital, had decided to short the company\u2019s stock to make money for their investors, which is the whole purpose of a hedge fund. And people on WallStreetBets found out this was happening.<\/span><\/p>\n Short selling is an investment strategy where you make some quick money by betting against a company \u2015 that is, betting that its stock price will drop.<\/span><\/p>\n For example, say you have a hunch that Company X is going to do poorly over a certain time frame. You find someone who holds stock in Company X, and borrow 10 shares from them, anonymously. You sell the shares at market price, which is $4. Now you have $40 \u2015 but you still have to return the shares you borrowed, and do it by a certain time. You wait a bit. Luckily, your prediction was right, and Company X shares drop to just $2 each, allowing you to buy 10 shares for only $20. You return the 10 shares to the party you borrowed them from, and pocket the difference. You just made $20 by shorting Company X.<\/p>\n Another way to think about it is with Pokemon cards, as Reddit user Lofties <\/span>explained nicely in a recent post<\/span>. If you knew that next month, the Pokemon company was going to churn out a lot more Charizard cards and send their value plummeting, you could borrow your friend\u2019s Charizard cards and sell them off. Then, once the value drops, you could buy back the same number of cards for much less. You return the cards to your friend and pocket the difference. Your friend has their cards back, and you\u2019ve made money from Pokemon cards that you never actually owned.<\/span><\/p>\n As you can probably see, there are huge risks to short selling if the market doesn\u2019t move the way you want it to.<\/p>\n Using Lofties\u2019 Pokemon example, say you borrowed 10 Charizard cards and sold them for $50 each, giving yourself $500. Then, say the value of the cards were to skyrocket (\u201cit turns out they cure cancer\u201d). Suddenly, everyone wants a Charizard. There\u2019s a run on Charizards. The price per card is $100, then $500, and it keeps going up. What do you do? You have to replace those cards you borrowed. Either you wait it out, or you cut your losses and walk away, hoping you get it right next time.<\/p>\n The first person to short sell a stock was a Dutch man in the 17th century, who really hated the Dutch East India Company and tried spreading nasty rumors about it to sink its stock value. Unfortunately, his plan didn\u2019t work, and it prompted the Dutch government to put a ban on short selling.<\/p>\n Of course, it\u2019s not all high-mindedness \u2015 the amateurs are also trying to make money. But the situation has drawn attention from Congress, <\/span>including<\/span> Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass), who pointed out Wall Street\u2019s hypocrisy: \u201cFor years, the same hedge funds, private equity firms, and wealthy investors dismayed by the GameStop trades have treated the stock market like their own personal casino while everyone else pays the price.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n The vibe on Reddit <\/span>is pure camaraderie<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n DeepFuckingValue, the Redditor who helped launch the GameStop trend, posts regular updates on his gains, having turned an initial $53,000 investment into an astonishing $30 million as of Thursday. Others use his updates as affirmation to \u201chold the line\u201d \u2015 that is, refuse to sell their shares \u2015 because of the huge financial loss DeepFuckingValue is now risking.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cWhat I think is happening is that you guys are making such an impact that these fat cats are worried that they have to get up and put in work to earn a living,\u201d <\/span>wrote<\/span> one of the moderators of WallStreetBets in a post this week. \u201cSome of these guys [who] traditionally used the media as a tool for them to manipulate the market have failed to further line their pockets and now want to accuse you guys as being manipulators.\u201d (The talking heads you see on cable television are, indeed, sometimes finance industry insiders trying to move a stock this way or that for their own ends.)<\/span><\/p>\n The community celebrated when Melvin Capital gave up attempting to short GameStop, having taken a massive loss. Melvin, however, quickly shored itself up with a $3 billion infusion from two other funds. <\/span><\/p>\n Despite the commotion, WallStreetBets has not brought Wall Street to its knees. But it has made average-Joe retail traders more of a force to be reckoned with.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Offline, GameStop \u2015 and other stocks that have caught the eye of this community, like Nokia \u2015 are now being referred to as \u201cmeme stock.\u201d Reddit isn\u2019t the only place where amateur traders chat, either. You can find stock tips pretty easily on TikTok and Discord \u2015 other social media platforms that attract the same young demographic that\u2019s driving the GameStop surge.<\/span><\/p>\n Competing with the older, more well-known online stock trading platforms are newer apps that allow users <\/span>to make trades for free<\/span>. One particularly popular app is called Robinhood. The company bills itself as a force for democratizing the stock market, and its users appear to have really taken that call to heart.<\/span><\/p>\n But on Wednesday, as the whole GameStop thing exploded, Robinhood suspended trading of GameStop shares, along with other \u201cmeme stocks\u201d \u2015 AMC Entertainment, Blackberry and Nokia among them. It\u2019s important to note that Robinhood is subject to a lot of complicated rules set out by the Securities and Exchange Commission <\/span>in order to offer free trading<\/span> for its users, and the flurry of activity in recent weeks has been a logistical headache for them. In defending his company\u2019s response to the GameStop madness, CEO Vlad Tenev <\/span>told CNBC<\/span> that \u201cthe reason we did it is because Robinhood, as a brokerage firm, we have lots of financial requirements.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cWe absolutely did not do this at the direction of any market maker or hedge fund,\u201d Tenev said \u2015 though that hasn\u2019t stopped speculation that there\u2019s a conspiracy afoot.<\/span><\/p>\n Anthony Denier \u2015 CEO of Webull, another free-trading app \u2015 also batted away conspiracy theories when he addressed why his company was similarly forced to restrict trades.<\/p>\n \u201cIt wasn\u2019t our choice. Our clearing firm gave us a call, and said we\u2019re going to have to stop allowing new opening positions,\u201d Denier told Yahoo! Finance. \u201cOur clearing firm simply can\u2019t afford the cost to settle those trades. We cannot use customer funds to front that cost due to regulation, so the clearing firms have to go into their own pockets to do it, and they simply cannot afford the cost of that trade clearance.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cThis has to do with settlement mechanics of the market,\u201d he concluded.<\/p>\n Still, these actions have triggered a surprisingly bipartisan rebuke.<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cThis is unacceptable,\u201d Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-N.Y.) tweeted in response to the news that Robinhood was preventing its users from freely trading certain stocks. Republicans including Sen. Ted Cruz (Texas) supported her comments.\u00a0Rep. Maxine Waters (D-Calif.), who chairs the House Committee on Financial Services, announced plans to investigate the situation on Thursday.<\/span><\/p>\nOK, what does Reddit have to do with this?<\/strong><\/h3>\n
But how do you \u201cshort\u201d a stock?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n
TL;DR: Wall Street wanted GameStop stock to drop, but a bunch of amateur traders started buying a lot of it, causing the price to rise to absurd heights. Now Wall Street is mad about losing money, and the amateurs say they\u2019re making a point about elitism.\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n
So why is everyone mad at Robinhood? Also, what is Robinhood?<\/strong><\/h3>\n
How does this end for the Redditors?<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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