To look at the way richer countries are spending money on the energy transition, you might think we\u2019re within reach of bringing climate change under control.<\/p>\n
Investment in clean energy has only accelerated in the years since COVID-19 struck. In the second half of the last decade, it grew at a 2 per cent annual rate. Since 2020, that\u2019s risen to 12 per cent a year. This year, it will hit $US1.4 trillion ($2 trillion), the International Energy Agency wrote in its annual investment report on Wednesday, putting green power comprehensively ahead of the roughly $US1 trillion that\u2019s being spent on fossil fuels.<\/p>\n
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Since the start of the pandemic, rich nations have stepped up their investments in clean energy.<\/span>Credit:<\/span>Bloomberg <\/cite><\/p>\n If you assume those trends will continue, it looks even more promising. Just continuing to inflate existing spending at current growth rates would imply that advanced economies and China spend in the region of $US650 billion a year on clean power over the remainder of this decade, the IEA wrote \u2014 within sight of the $US850 billion-odd that\u2019s needed to put the world on track to zero emissions by 2050.<\/p>\n The problem comes when you look elsewhere in the world. In emerging and developing economies (excluding China), clean power investment needs to grow at 25 per cent a year up to 2030 if it\u2019s to hit levels consistent with net zero. In practice, spending remains stuck at the levels it was at in 2015, when the Paris Agreement was first signed.<\/p>\n It shouldn\u2019t come as a surprise that there\u2019s a dearth of funds for carbon-free power in developing countries \u2014 these nations get too little investment overall, and that lack of physical capital is one reason they\u2019re poor.<\/p>\n Since the 1970s, Indian politicians have complained that only rich countries have the money to pay for pollution reductions in their lower-income peers. Prime Minister Narendra Modi\u2019s call last year for a $US1 trillion fund from developed countries to finance his nation\u2019s energy transition is merely the latest example of that trend. The true sum could run to $US12.4 trillion in India, with $US94.8 trillion needed for emerging markets as a whole, according to Standard Chartered.<\/p>\n Rich nations can green their own economies all they want. If they don\u2019t provide the funds to repeat the trick around the world, it will all be in vain.<\/p>\n It\u2019s a long-standing problem that will likely worsen in the short term. One of the advantages of renewable power in rich countries is that its expenses are almost all up-front, determined most importantly by the cost of borrowing. Finance represents about 60 per cent of project expenses for renewables, according to the IEA. Consumers of oil, gas and coal, on the other hand, have an ongoing need to buy their fuel in a volatile commodity market, making their long-term profitability highly unpredictable.<\/p>\n As interest rates rise, however, the cost of capital for clean power is going up as well. That\u2019s being felt most severely in emerging markets, where the cost of capital is as much as seven times higher as it is in developed countries, and interest rates are likely to climb in tandem with the US Federal Reserve.<\/p>\n Solving that problem is notoriously challenging. International investors remain reluctant to dedicate their cash to countries where the rule of law is often weaker, and where the creaky nature of infrastructure such as power grids risks dooming energy projects before they\u2019ve even been connected.<\/p>\n India relies on coal for about 70 per cent of electricity generation.<\/span>Credit:<\/span>Bloomberg<\/cite><\/p>\n State-owned utilities are often, as with India\u2019s electricity distribution companies, dominant enough to deter private-sector competition but financially too frail to deliver the foundations that a vibrant clean power sector needs.<\/p>\n It has to be solved, however. One of the most troubling aspects of the IEA\u2019s latest report is the extent to which coal, the dirtiest fuel, is still sucking up capital. While oil, gas and clean energy are all receiving less investment at present than most of the IEA\u2019s energy transition scenarios would suggest will be necessary over the rest of this decade, coal is getting substantially more.<\/p>\n That\u2019s in large part because the world is now more acutely aware of its energy security, and awash with underutilised coal-fired power stations. In Pakistan, the cost of buying oil and gas from overseas has left the country dependent once again on cash from the International Monetary Fund to meet its international obligations. Domestic coal reserves represent an alluring way to diminish that import dependency, an argument that\u2019s also attractive in Indonesia, Vietnam, and most particularly India and China.<\/p>\n The only way to counter the fear of a world where poverty and insecurity are sending globalisation into reverse is the opposite: to unleash the flood of capital pent-up in developed countries so that it can fund the cheap, clean energy that lower-income nations need to develop.<\/p>\n Rich nations can green their own economies all they want. If they don\u2019t provide the funds to repeat the trick around the world, it will all be in vain.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n